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Nicomachean Ethics Leading a Virtuous Life - 880 Words

Nicomachean Ethics (APA Citation) From the beginning of their evolution, human beings have been searching for the meaning of happiness. While many may see this to be an inconsequential question, others have devoted entire lives to the search for happiness. One such person who devoted a great deal of thought to the question of mans happiness was the famous ancient Greek philosopher, Aristotle. In his book The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle discussed the meaning of happiness and what it meant to live a good life. He asserted that the devise which has been invented to create what is good for man is called politics; and it uses the rest of the sciences ¦so that this end must be the good for man. (Aristotle, I, ii) Aristotle also identified four general means by which people live their lives in order to gain happiness, but stated that only one was a means by which a person could actually attain it. According to Aristotle, it was not political power, wealth, or worldly pleasures by which a person could achieve real happi ness, it was living a contemplative life. Politics may have been the tool by which man creates good, but politics does not mean the same thing as living a political life. Aristotle claimed that those who engaged in a political life do so out of vanity in order to gain personal honor. Because this only serves to inflate a single persons ego, this is considered to be an empty and vain course of action. Two other ways of life that Aristotle believed wereShow MoreRelatedVirtues Of Happiness Moral Ethics856 Words   |  4 PagesVirtues of Happiness Moral Ethics An individual’s virtue ethics does not depend on the society that they live in, the spirituality that they follow, or their culture/upbringing; but they depend exclusively on the individuals themselves. Aristotle introduced moral ethics theory in his Nicomachean Ethics books. The idea of ethics is questioning long term goals, ‘what sort of person do I want to be’ instead of instantaneous decisions that question ‘what should I do in this situation?’ Virtues areRead MoreAristotles Philosophy on Purpose Essay884 Words   |  4 Pagesimpressive. His greatest known works are the Athenian Constitution and Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle’s works of Ethics explore a vast area of topics. He states, â€Å"The goal of the Ethics is to determine how best to achieve happiness.† In order to achieve happiness, one must live a virtuous life, in the mind of Aristotle. Interest is sparked in this area that Aristotle writes of because there is a natural need for Ethics in human life. John K. Roth states, â€Å"Aristotle assumes that all things, human beingsRead MoreEssay on Happiness in Aristotle’s work: The Nicomachean Ethics629 Words   |  3 PagesAristotle’s work, The Nicomachean Ethics, consists of numerous books pertaining to Aristotle’s Ethics—the ethics of the good life. The first book discloses Aristotle’s belief on moral philosophy and the correlation between virtue and happiness. The definition of happiness has long been disputed. According to Aristotle, happiness is the highest good and the ultimate end goal—for it is self-reliant. This idea contradicted other common beliefs and philosophical theories. Aristotle opens his work byRead MoreAristotle And Aristotle On Friendship1480 Words   |  6 PagesIn work his work The Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle addresses the question: what is the good life? Aristotle acknowledges that the generally accepted notion of the human good is happiness or, alternatively put, eudaimonia. The difficulty surrounding the age old question, and the topic that Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics primarily addresses, is not what we call the human good, but rather how happiness is defined and what contributes to a good, eudaimonic, flourishing life. Aristotle writes that happinessRead MoreSimilarities Between Confucius And Confucius1391 Words   |  6 Pagesviewed friendship as virtuous and trustworthy of friends who obtained the character of each other. According to Aristotle and Confucius full virtue essential has to be perfectly harmonious in which friends are completely agreed to share their life. This helped them to live a happy life that brings joy, justice, and harmony among friends and society. For Aristotle stated â€Å"The perfect form of friendship is that between good men who are alike in excellence or virtue†( Nicomachean Ethics VIII.ch.3). AristotleRead MoreThomas Hobbes And The Leviathan And Nicomachean Ethics1602 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Hobbes and Aristotle address the role that governments have in the promotion of good virtue amongst their citizens in The Leviathan and Nicomachean Ethics. The authors offer ideas along similar lines. This is in regards to the belief that Hobbes and Aristotle hold, which is that governments do have a role in promoting good morals and leading a virtuous life; Hobbes by sovereignty and Aristotle through means of reaching telos. Thomas Hobbes†™ position is made in The Leviathan, in which he arguesRead MoreKant And Aristotle s Views On Ethics And Morals1480 Words   |  6 PagesAlyson Huttlin Professor Strom Philosophy 300 Class Section 1200 Recitation-Tuesday 10am 2/11/2015 What Is The Highest Good? Immanuel Kant and Aristotle are two of the most prominent philosophers on ethics and morals. Each has their own idea about human life and what the highest good is. It has even been said that in his Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals Kant disproves Aristotle’s view. In order to prove that Kant successfully disproves Aristotle’s theory, we must first understand both theoriesRead MoreThere Are Several Similarities Between Aristotle And Confucius1499 Words   |  6 Pagesa relationship between virtuous and trustworthy friends who understand each other s character.   According to Aristotle and Confucius, virtue is essential when friends   are able to share their lives with one another during the time of fortune and misfortunes.   For this leads them to live happily, joyfully, and harmoniously as friends. Aristotle posited that, â€Å"The perfect form of friendship is that between good men who are alike in excellence or virtue† ( Nicomachean Ethics VIII. ch .3(1156b(10). ConfuciusRead MoreAristotle Virtue Ethics Summary1075 Words   |  5 PagesAristotle outlined his theory of Virtue Ethics in his book Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle focused his idea of ethics on agents rather than acts. His main idea is focused on the idea of human character- how can you be a better person? In fact, Aristotle once said: â€Å"For we are enquiring not in order to know what virtue is, but in order to become good, since otherwise our enquiry would be of no use.† Aristotle is given the credit for developing the idea of virtue ethics, but many of Platos cardinal valuesRead MoreAristotle s Philosophy And Ethics972 Words   |  4 Pagesrespected and well-known Greek philosopher, who studied both science and ethics in abundant detail. When someone famous like that writes his thoughts down on paper, and has great advice for you in your life, you tend to pay attention. In Aristotle’s papers, the Nicomachean Ethics: he defines virtue as â€Å"s tates of character acquired through habituation, through acting repeatedly in the way that a virtuous person would act, until virtuous action becomes second nature† (Aristotle, 1999). I love the way he

Bangladesh Public Service Commission free essay sample

In Bangladesh, the entire framework for personnel management is a unified process. For a country to develop and keep up with the times, it is necessary that it creates a working infrastructure. It is the countrys public services sector that is concerned with this. Public services in Bangladesh are services provided by the government to the community. The Ministry of Establishment and Public Service Commission are managing the entire personnel activities of Public sectors. The Bangladesh Public Service Commission plays a vital role in recruitment, promotion, discipline, posting and transfer of government servants. This constitutional body ensures that decisions relating to the public services sector are made in line with equity and merit. Bangladesh Public Service Commission: Bangladesh Public Service Commission (BPSC), established as an independent agency, is responsible for upholding merit in the staffing system of Bangladesh Civil service. It is primarily responsible for laying the foundation of the civil service through fair recruitment and selection of civil service officials that ultimately lays the foundation for good governance. This is why effectiveness, efficiency, accountability and transparency of BPSC are of utmost importance. Bangladesh Public Service Commission is a constitutional body established primarily to recruit persons for various services and posts in the government. It is also involved in decision processes relating to other service matters such as promotion, posting, transfer, discipline, and appeal of the government servants. The main purpose of constituting such a body, designated in most countries of British heritage as civil or public service commission, is to ensure that all decisions relating to recruitment and other service matters are made consistent with the principles of merit and equity. In Bangladesh, this body is presently designated as the Bangladesh Public Service Commission (BPSC). The secretariat for the PSC is provided by officers on deputation from the Bangladesh civil service (BCS). It has two key constitutional functions: recruitment of civil servants; and an advisory/regulatory role with regards to the employment of civil servants. Recruitment – Class 1 Officers (roughly 8% of all civil servants and the key decision makers – all the administrative cadre are Class 1 officers) are ecruited directly by the PSC through open competitive examination into 29 cadres and other government services. Numbers to be recruited are determined by the MOE which gathers the requirements for recruitment from the various ministries and government bodies. It then advises the PSC about how many to recruit for the various cadres. Recruitment follows Bangladesh Civil Service Recruitment Rules. Constitutional and Legal Framework The position, status, scope and functio ns of PSC have been clearly determined by the Constitution of Bangladesh. Articles 137 to 141 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh set out in clear and unambiguous terms the scheme for the establishment of the Commission(s), appointment and re-appointment of Chairman and Members, conditions of appointment, terms of office, provisions of resignation, functions of the Commission, and annual report. PSC in the Constitution of Bangladesh Article 137. Establishment of Commissions Provision shall be made by law for establishing one or more public service commissions for Bangladesh, each of which shall consist of a chairman and such other members as shall be Prescribed by law. 38. Appointment of members (1) The chairman and other members of each public service commission shall be appointed by the President. Provided that not less than one-half of the members of a commission shall be persons who have held office for twenty years or more in the service of any government which has at any time functioned within the territory of Bangladesh . (2) Subject to any law made by Parliament the conditions of service of the chairman and other members of a public service commission shall be such as the President may, by order, determine. 39. Term of office (1) The term of office of the chairman and other members of a public service commission shall, subject to the provisions of this article, expire five years after the date on which he entered upon his office, or when he attains the age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier; (2) The chairman and other members of such a commission shall be removed from office except in like manner and on he like grounds as a judge of the[Supreme Court]. 3) A chairman or other member of a public service commission may resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the President. (4) On ceasing to hold office a member of a public service commission shall not be eligible for further employment in the service of the Republic, but, subject to the provisions of clause (1) (a) a chairman so ceasing shall be eligible for re-appointment for one further term; and (b) a member (other than the chairman) so ceasing shall be eligible for re appointment for one further term or for appointment as chairman of a public service commission. 40. Functions of Commissions (1) The functions of a public service commission shall be- (a) to conduct tests examinations for the selection of suitable persons for appointment of the service of the Republic;(b) to advise the President on any matter on which the commission is consulted under clause (2) or on any matter connected with its functions which is referred to the commission by the President; and (c) such other functions as may be prescribed by law. 2) Subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, and any regulation (not inconsistent with such law) which may be made by the President after consultation with a commission, the President shall consult a commission with respect to- (a) matters relating to qualifications for, and methods of recruitment to, the service of the Republic; (b) the principles to be followed in making appointments to that service and promotions and transfers from one branch of the service to another, and the suitability of candidates for such appointment, promotions and transfers; (c) matters affecting the terms and conditions (including person rights) of that service; and (d) the discipline of the service. 141. Annual report (1) Each commission shall, not later than the first day of March each year, prepare and submit to the President a report of the performance of its functions during the period ended on the previous 31st day of December. (2) The report shall be accompanied by a memorandum setting out, so far as is known to the commission- (a) the cases, if any, in which its advise was not accepted and the reasons why it was not accepted; (b) the cases where the ommission ought to have been consulted and was not consulted, and the reasons why it was not consulted. (3) The Presid ent shall cause the report and memorandum to be laid before Parliament at its first meeting held after 31st March in the year in which the report was submitted. Roles of the PSC: The scope and functions of the PSC have been designed largely in keeping with PSC rules under the Government of India Act of 1919 and 1935, and East Pakistan Public Service Commission (EPPSC) with little bit modification by the government of Bangladesh. According to the existing Constitutional and legal provisions, PSC is essentially an advisory, consultative and ‘quasi-judicial’ body rather than an executive one. In other words, PSC was not given executive power to control civil services as contemplated by the Act of 1919 and Lee Commission. 30 The scope and functions of the PSC is limited to giving recommendations and advice on civil service management related issues e. g. , framing recruitment rules and procedures; recruitment, promotion, transfer, discipline, and give advise the President on any matter related to the civil service. However, the PSC may ask the concerned ministries or authorities which does not accept its advice to explain (a) the reasons why it was not accepted; (b) the cases where the commission ought to have been consulted but was not consulted, and (c) the reasons why it was not consulted. In this connection, Ahmed (1990:20) viewed that the effectiveness of the PSC depends on the unwritten but firmly established convention that the advice of a Commission is accepted as a matter of course. Although PSC is an independent Constitutional body, and its independence and autonomy have been guaranteed under provisions made in the Constitution and President’s Orders, as per Schedule I of the Rules of Business (issued in 1975), the Ministry of Establishment solely controls the policy decisions, composition, administration and financial matters of the Commission. The Establishment Division of the ministry interprets and determines the broad scope of functional responsibilities of PSC through issuing various orders, instructions, memoranda, circulars and so forth. 1 the functional jurisdiction of the Commission now covers only gazetted Class I and Class II officers belonging to government bodies. The major functions of PSC are as follows: Framing Recruitment Rules: The role of PSC in framing recruitment rules for both cadre and non-cadre officials are clearly specified in the Constitution. Accordingly, in January 1981, the Ministry of Establishment made a comprehensive set of recruitment rules titled The Establishment Manual of 1980 with due consultation with the PSC. In fact, as the first ever in Bangladesh, this manual clearly fixed the number of posts in cadre services, specified recruitment methods, age limit and qualifications of the candidates. As an advisory body, the PSC gives advice to the various ministries/divisions and attached departments on framing recruitment related rules for the services/posts under their control including matters relating to (i) the determination of qualifications for and methods of recruitment to such services/posts; (ii) principles to be followed in making recruitments, promotions and transfers to and within such services/posts under the government. Recruitment of Suitable Candidates for the Public Services The PSC is responsible for conducting competitive tests and examinations for the selection of most competent persons for the 1st Class gazetted and non-gazetted posts/positions of the Republic. The PSC has the legal mandate to select the suitable persons and give recommendation for appointment to the concerned ministry or departments. This is being done through the following methods since 1972. Examinations: No recruitment policy or procedure was made till 1981 for recruitment of first class gazetted civil servants of the republic. As a result, PSC arranged competitive examinations for the recruitment of 1st class gazetted officers in different names during 1972-1981. The recruitment rules for the selection of civil servants were made in 1981. Under these rules, the first BCS examination was conducted in 1983. Similar examinations have continued till today. Selection/Interview: Interview is a widely practiced method for recruitment of civil servants for the republic. It has been observed that about 55 percent of all recruitments through interview have been done by the governments during 1977-1985. Promotion: The ME sends list of the proposed candidates to the Commission together with their service documents, service records (Annual Confidential Reports ACR) and recruitment rules. The Commission gives advice to the President in respect of the candidates who are recommended depending on whether they have the requisite character and ability for the service or post for which they are proposed for appointment. Transfer and Ad Hoc Appointments: For appointments by transfer and deputation of persons from one service to another and to recruit persons on ad hoc basis, the concerned ministry/departments seek recommendations from the PSC via the ME. The Commission advises the President in respect of any candidate nominated if his/her qualifications are sufficient and if his/her record proves him/her to have the requisite character and ability for the post. Giving Advice on Disciplinary, Appeal and Memorial Matters As per provision made by the Constitution of Bangladesh, PSC carries out departmental inquiries into disciplinary and appeal matters of the pubic services and gives recommendations to the concerned ministries for necessary departmental actions. Preparing and Submitting Annual Report Preparing annual report on the performance of Commission’s functions (year long activities of the PSC) and then submitting it to the President of the Republic is a mandatory function of the PSC. A number of limitations were identified with regard to the annual reports of the PSC. ?It was observed that the annual reports of successive years same issues are repeated. This reflects the fact that preparation of annual report by PSC is almost as a routine work. ?Information about the number of recommendations under quota is absent. ?The reports hardly have detail discussion on (a) the cases, if any, in which its advise was not accepted and the reasons why it was not accepted; (b) the cases where the Commission ought to have been consulted and was not consulted, and the reasons why it was not consulted. The annual report provides only a descriptive list of the Chairman and Members, officers and staff but contains no information about their job description and previous professional b ackground as well as their outstanding achievements. From the above discussion, it is evident that the PSC works as an ‘advisory’, ‘consultative’ and ‘quasi-judicial’ body rather than an executive one. The functions are clearly described by constitutional mandates, government orders and establishment manuals of the country. Problems of the PSC As an important institution under the NIS, the PSC should follow the basic principles of a public service managing authority. The PSC should be detached from the political government, and the recruitment to service should be by open competition based on ideals of a non-partisan career civil service. Constitutional and Legal Limitations The following constitutional and legal limitations have been identified that paved the way towards irregularities and corruption in the PSC. Insufficient Qualification and Eligibility Criteria: It is observed that the existing qualification and eligibility criteria are not sufficient for selecting competent persons as Chairmen and Members. Absence of a Transparent Selection Procedure: Since 1972, the whole process of selection of Chairman and Members has shown an absolute lack of transparency. Under the existing Constitutional mandate, the appointment of Chairman and Members are made by the President of the Republic in accordance with advice from the Prime Minister. Accordingly, the appointments for these Constitutional positions completely depend on the will of the Chief Executive of the country. The common people are kept in the dark about how a person is selected as Chairman or Member of the Commission. Due to lack of specific selection procedure and qualification criteria, is observed that protagonist bureaucrats (civil and military) and university teachers having close connection, loyalty or trust of influential ministers, Prime Minister’s Office, influential leaders of pro-ruling party professional bodies (e. g. University teachers’ associations, student wings) have become Chairmen and Members of the Commission since 1972. Among those who were appointed as Members since 1996, 74% had formal political positions in their respective associations, or relatives of leaders of the ruling party/alliance, while the rest are known to have high political connections which attributed to their becoming Members. Absence of Accountability Measures for Chairman and Members: Any specific legal provision or guidelines for ensuring the accountability of Chairman and Members do not exist. Few Such absence of accountability measures may encourage a section of Members along with the Chairman to be involved in unconstitutional activities and irregularities such as involvement in political campaign. Lower Rank of the Chairman and Members: The Chairman and Members of the PSC hold the lowest status among the constitutional bodies of Bangladesh. The rank of the Members is lower than that of the additional secretaries to the government. It is identified that the undermined positions of PSC Chairman and Members in the Warrant of Precedence have created opportunity for interference by the bureaucracy upon the PSC in discharging its functions as mandated by the Constitution. Weak Mechanism for Removal or Termination: Through the existing provisions, it is difficult to remove or terminate a corrupt Chairman or Member. Although there have been allegations against the PSC Chairman and some of the Members, the President of the Republic has not taken any initiative to investigate the allegations and take disciplinary action. Absence of Operations Principles: The PSC does not have any operations principles, vision and mission of the Commission. This dearth has been considered as opportunities by the consecutive governments to sway from the core principles of the public service. Lack of Access to Information: The right to access to information is considered an integral part of freedom of expression and fundamental human rights which lays the foundation good governance, and builds a relationship of trust with the pubic. The Council of Europe (COE), the Organization of American States (OAS) and the African Nations, and more than sixty countries (including India, Nepal and Pakistan) have made provisions for freedom of information for all. Denial of Right to Justice Under the existing provisions no examinee can challenge any decision related to BCS or any other exam/test conducted by the PSC. The decision(s) taken by the PSC regarding examinations will be considered as absolute. This created a great deal of opportunities for irregularities. Dependency on the Government The relationship between PSC and the government has been a controversial issue since the establishment of the first PSC in British India on 1 October 1926. However, according to the functions of the PSC, the following issues reflect PSC’s dependence upon the government: ? PSC is a division under the Ministry of Establishment. No legal provision has yet been made to establish PSC as a separate entity, which will be accountable to the National Parliament and President simultaneously; ? PSC is a Constitutional body to give support to the central public personnel organ of the government; ? It ives only recommendations on appointment, disciplinary, promotion, transfer cases related to the 1st class gazetted and non-gazetted civil servants of the republic; ? PSC gives recommendations to the Ministry of Establishment on service-related issues only after request from the ministry; and ? PSC has no role in implementing its recommendations sent to the ministry on service-related matters. Financial Dependence: The Commission has no freedom in its budgetary and financial matters. All financial issues relating to its revenue expenditure including capital expenditure for any development scheme is controlled by the Ministry of Establishment. All income of the PSC (e. g. application fees and examination charges realized from the examinees) goes to the government treasury. Moreover, the PSC depends on the Ministry of Establishment for sanctioning the house rent, traveling allowances and medical benefits for its Chairman, Members and staff. In fact, by controlling the financial and administrative matters of PSC, the independence of commission, is thereby denied. Lack of Accountability Measures Little Role played by the Parliament: The Parliamentary Standing Committee on the Ministry of Establishment (PSCME) under no legal provision can on the specific role and functions of. Due to this gap, the PSCME cannot take any effective initiative to combat irregularities in the PSC. Even due to sheer majority, attempts by some of the MPs to establish accountability for Chairman and Members of the Commission failed. Controversial Role of Few Members and Chairmen: In recent years, PSC Chairmen and Members have faced a lot of criticism due to their controversial activities. A Member of the PSC took part in electoral campaign in 2006, as he sought nomination from the four-party alliance. Another member expressed his gratefulness to the Prime Minister and the Mayor of a city corporation at a public meeting in March 2006. The Bureau of Anti-Corruption (now Anti-corruption Commission) filed cases against a former Chairman of the PSC for alleged involvement in appointing persons in government service under freedom fighters quota through fake documents. Politicized Confidential Section: Pro-ruling party staff is usually transferred to the Confidential Section immediately after taking over by a new government. This is done to ensure partisan recruitments without facing any trouble. Irregularities in Examination Related Issues Recruitment System under the BCS Examination Process: 1. the examination system is archaic and outdated lacking the scope of proper assessment of the competency of candidates, 2. Because of lack of transparent assessment criteria for examinations, there is scope of irregularities and corruption in the recruitment process, 3. there have been blatant examples of partisan Irregularities in BCS examination: 1. Contractual selection based on transaction of bribery is rampant. a. Contract in getting attractive cadres for those who made it to the merit list i. Administration/Police Cadre: Tk. 5-7 lac ii. Customs/Tax: Tk. 8-10 lac iii. Professional Cadre: Tk. 2-3 lac b. Contract for selecting candidates who failed to make it to the merit list i. Administration/Police Cadre: Tk. 8-10 lac ii. Customs/Tax: Tk. 10-12 lac iii. Professional Cadre: Tk. 3-5 lac 2. The Leakage of question paper has been happening on regular basis since the 24th BCS examination. 3. Seat allocation is also done with bribe. 4. Exam scripts are submitted without appearing at the exam hall. Exam scripts are changed on payment basis. 5. Merit list and results are changed. Successful candidates are dropped from merit list by adding new candidates on payment of bribe and on political consideration. 6. High marks are given arbitrarily in Viva Voce to the candidates under contract or to political cadres and activists. 7. Candidates are asked to answer controversial questions like who is the declarer of independence of Bangladesh. 8. Pressures to recruit persons belonging to lists sent from the high command of the ruling party. 9. Candidates are called by PSC Members at the commission for negotiation. 10. Selection allowed with fake certificate since 20th BCS examination. 11. Documents of BCS examination are destroyed without maintaining proper procedures (e. g. , Secretariat Regulations 1974). 12. Candidates are not provided with mark-sheets. 13. PSC never publishes data on the specific quota of recommended candidates Quota system: 1. The quota system is implemented without transparency. 2. Outcome of the quota policy has never been made public by PSC or MOE. Official documents, gazette notifications do not have data regarding quota of the BCS cadres. 3. Discrimination against Institutional Limitations Recruitment, Promotion Transfer of Internal Staff on Political Consideration: The first recruitment rules for recruitment of officers and employees in PSC were made in April 22, 1982. 20 It is observed that since 1991, the recruitment of PSC staff (especially the 1st 2nd class officers) has been done on political consideration. Officers considered as barriers/threats against the interests of the ruling party have been made Officers on Special Duty (OSD) and sent back to the Ministry of Establishment. Limited Career of the PSC Officials: The highest level of position for the 1st class officers of the PSC Secretariat is limited up to the Controller of the Commission. 121 Joint Secretaries (or above) of the Government has been given appointment as Secretary of the Commission through transfer or deputation since 1972, for which position the PSC staff are not considered. Syndicates in PSC: The non-transferable nature of the job, the officers and employees of the PSC Secretariat has led to the emergence of syndicates in the PSC. These syndicates are so strong that even the Chairman cannot take any action against these groups. No Capacity-building Program for the PSC Staff: there is a training program for improving the capacity of the Commission’s officers and employees. It is learnt that the lack of capacity building program in PSC is to some extent responsible for delaying the result of various exams. Lack of Modern Technology and Documentation: The Commission seriously lacks modern technical support. Major activities of the administration, accounting and library sections are done manually. A network based management information system is absent in the PSC. There is also a serious lack of proper documentation. Research Section: The Research Section has not yet conducted any research on the trend of the representation of the population, in terms of religion, ethnicity and sex of the recommended BCS posts. No substantial study on problems/limitations of the ongoing operations of the PSC has been carried out since its establishment in 1972. Library: The library of the PSC is inaccessible for the common people. It is not modernized and the PSC seems to have no plan to turn it into a modern library. No Printing Press for the PSC: Printing press is required to print question papers every year for various competitive tests and exams conducted by the PSC. Still it has to depend on the BG Press to print all these. However, there are risks of leakage of question papers in printing these outside BG Press. Inadequate Office Equipments: The number of photocopier, scanner, fax machine, selves/racks, space for storage of the exam scripts and documents of the examinees are inadequate. Recommendations The following recommendations have been made with regard to ensuring good governance within the PSC. Re-Constitution of the Commission and Punishment of the Corrupt 1. The PSC should be reconstituted immediately composed of a Chairperson and Members with impeccable professional excellence and undisputed integrity, efficiency and credibility. 2. A Special Committee should be formed to accomplish the above and recommend measures for reforming the Commission with special emphasis on neutrality, independence and effectiveness of the Commission. 3. The Anti-corruption Commission should be called upon to investigate into all sorts of irregularities and corruptions held in PSC at all levels including former and present Chairman, Members, officers and employees and their dependents. 4. The Chairperson, Members and staff of Commission must reveal their income, assets and liabilities and those of their immediate family members and regularly update the same. 5. Investigations should include all recruitments especially the 20-27th BCS exams conducted by PSC during the last 15 years. Independence and Accountability of the PSC 1. The PSC must be granted full independence in terms of administrative and financial control befitting the challenge facing it. 2. The Commission must have internal self-regulatory and transparency mechanism in place, while it must be externally reportable to the Parliament through Standing Committee on Public Service. Qualification and Eligibility Criteria for Chairman and Members The Chairman and Members of the Commission must be: 1. Persons of high integrity, strong moral courage, personality and commitment. 2. Must have knowledge and experiences on public administration. 3. Prepared to disassociate from any other position of financial benefit. 4. Must have sound health and proven non-communal attitude. Selection of Chairman and Members The present practice under which the Chief Executive is the ultimate appointing authority of the Chairman and Members of the Commission must be replaced by a creating a Search Committee consisting of the Chief Executive, Chief Justice, Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament, Eminent retired Civil Servant of impeccable record and credibility, non-partisan and professionally acclaimed educationist and civil society member and a media person with similar credibility. Selection process may be as followers: ? Step I: Make a list of the competent persons for appointing as member and chairman of any constitutional body. ?Step II: Send the list to the anti-corruption commission to assess their credibility, service records and assets. Step III: Publish the names of the proposed persons along with their qualification and assets in electronic and print media. ?Step IV: Make a short list of the proposed persons and send it to the Parliament for general discussion. The parliament will send th e list to the Search Committee. ?Step V: The Search Committee will finalize the panel of the Chairman and Members and send it to the President for approval. Rank of Chairman/Members The status and rank of the Chairmen of the PSC should be made equivalent to a Minister, and members should be equivalent to the Judges of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court. Reforms in Examination and Recruitment System 1. An Examination and Recruitment Reform Committee should be formed to odernize the examination and recruitment system meeting the challenges of the service for which recruitments are made, with particular emphasis on the merit based recruitment, complete abolition of partisan political or any other influence in the recruitment, and specific needs of the various cadres. 2. The existing generalized exam system should be abolished and cadre-specific examination should be introduced to ensure efficiency and professionalism in service. 3. The new examination system must ensure evalua tion by relevant, honest and skilled examiners. 4. A set of transparent guidelines must be prepared and publicly available consisting of the examination rules and recruitment process. 5. The Commission should have a Complain Box to receive complaints and suggestions from the service receivers. All complains should be duly addressed and results made public. Quota System 1. The existing quota system for freedom fighters and district are no longer considered logical and should be abolished. 2. At least 75% of places should be on purely merit basis, while the remaining may be distributed for affirmative action on the basis of gender, ethnic and religious identity. Access to Information 1. The mark sheet of the successful candidates should be given to the examinees on compulsory basis immediately after the result is published; 2. The result sheet of all examinees (both successful and unsuccessful) must be published on the website. 3. Existing restrictions against challenging the result of examinations should be immediately abolished. Other Management Issues 1. A website for PSC should be established with all information. 2. Computerized data base and MIS should be established with all information of public interest publicly available through various means including website. 3. A Human Resource Unit should be established at PSC, with special emphasis on training and capacity building of the staff. 4. All personnel of the staff should be recruited based on relevant academic background, merit and skills. 5. Should recruit totally new officers and employees for the commission purely based on relevant academic background, merit and necessary skills. The reconstruction Committee on PSC will determine the required number of the staff for PSC through feasibility study. 6. The Secretary of the PSC should be equivalent to the Secretary of the government. PSC’s Integrity Statement and Citizen’s Committee 1. Initiative should be taken to introduce Integrity Statement/Code of Ethics for the PSC. 2. A Committee of Concerned Citizens composed of persons with proven integrity, efficiency and commitment may be constituted to keep watch on the activities and performance of the PSC and to suggest measure to make the PSC efficient and honest. Anti-corruption Hotline on Public Service Commission A hotline (phone number or mail box) may be introduced in the office of the Anticorruption Commission (ACC) of Bangladesh to receive all sorts of complaints related to irregularities and corruption of the PSC. The Special Reform Committee on the PSC and ACC may jointly explore the specific structure, and working procedure of this hotline.

Hum 111 Week 6 Assignment free essay sample

Movie Review: UP (2009): Starring Edward Asner, Christopher Plummer and Jordan Nagai Every so often, a movie comes along that really inspires the audience to live a better way, to take risks, and stop making excuses. I was truly stunned that this inspirational, physics defying film actually came in the form of a kid’s movie. An animated wonderment about an old man wracked with grief, a yellow dog, a chubby little boy and a huge flightless bird, in a floating house. The film was particularly interesting and was surprisingly filled with imagination. Sporting Event: Miami Heat This was our first time to see the new Dream Team play together in the AAA. We had a great time and it was surprisingly a nail biter right down to the very last minute of the game. The Pacers unexpectedly out played the Heat for most of the game, but when push came to shove, the Heat shockingly pulled it off. We will write a custom essay sample on Hum 111 Week 6 Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each team played exceptionally well and to my surprise I enjoyed every moment of the event. American Airlines Arena Miami, FL Tue, Feb 8, 2011 Musical Performance: The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe As I patiently waited, my childhood memories of attending musicals came flooding back! Im so glad that I had the chance to take my daughter to the Childrens Theater yesterday. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe musical was fantastic! The actors had you completely forgetting that you were watching a play because it sucked you right into the story. I loved being able to see every one of their outstanding expressions and they were all fantastic. I was especially impressed by the young man who did so many voices in one play! The musical was above and beyond anything I expected and as always, I enjoyed the experience. Birmingham Jefferson Convention Complex Theatre – Birmingham, AL Sat, Oct 10, 2009 Television Show The Game: Starring: Tia Mowry, Pooch Hall, Coby Bell, Hosea Chanchez, Wendy Raquel and Brittany Daniel It was as if the producers and writers of ‘The Game’ were expecting some of the grumbling that went on after the shows long-awaited reappearance on TV, because the first episode found its footing and probably set the drama for the rest of this season. Instead of dragging out the DJs paternity storyline, the writers wisely changed gears and nipped it in the bud as quickly as they threw it out there. However, this opens up another floodgate which could possibly test the Davis marriage further in this season. Stay tuned! On: BET Time: Tuesday, 10/9 Central The Lion, the Witch and the wardrobe musical was more pleasant, than the Miami Heat basketball. However, I must say that the Miami Heat game as most pleasant when it came to getting your adrenalin flowing. I must say that the dancers in the musical were taller and older than the basketball players. The basketball players were most thoughtful and most careful.

The Play Julius Caesar Is An Eclectic Mix Of Wise And Ignorant, Cunnin

The play Julius Caesar is an eclectic mix of wise and ignorant, cunning and na?ve, heroes and cowards. The pageantry set forth in the play exemplifies the formality of everyday Roman life and the gravity of the official duties. Each main character in Julius Caesar has a positive quality that embraces the reader and a negative quality that leads to their tragic downfall. Although the characters possess more than two qualities, their strongest, most aggressive points shine through. At the end of the play two characters are forced to penetrate each other's minds and evaluate the good and evil. One is a domineering, egotistical, selfish conspirator. He lacks the power and appraisal that his enemy, Julius Caesar has, and, therefore, uses his envy and jealousy as a drive to convert others to challenge Caesar. His opposing force is a reserved, mediocre man who's only love his the country he stands upon. The powerhouse of confidence versus the dollhouse of reservation ends in an explosion of destruction. Marcus Brutus is the most admirable character in Julius Caesar. He is the only person involved in the conspiracy against Caesar for his country. He truly believes that Caesar's ambition will ruin the fortitude of his beloved Rome. Brutus uses his hidden inner strength to survive the brutality of the conspiracy and the harsh reality of the aftermath. In the beginning of the play, Brutus appears as a quiet lamb. He follows the herd, lives by example, and keeps his thoughts and opinions disclosed from the public masses. Although he is reserved, his undying desire for a better Rome shines through like light flowing from a stained-glass window. When Cassius first confronts Brutus to become a member of the conspiracy, his lacking confidence is evident. Brutus says, "Into what dangers would you lead me, Cassius, / that you would have me seek into myself/ for that which is not in me?" (1.2.45-47). However, his self-assurance grows as the play continues and by the end he stands up for his beliefs and backs them with power. Brutus is admirable for his love and devotion to Rome. He was born Roman and died Roman. His affection for justice and honor is one of the most evident characteristics about him. The opposite of Marcus Brutus is Gaius Cassius. He is a strong-willed, cunning, jealous villain who only wants Julius Caesar dead for his own, selfish reasons. He sees Caesar as an ambitious man who is after more power and control. What Cassius forgets to do is to evaluate his own image and realize his race for personal betterment. Throughout the play, Cassius, like a cat, uses his mind controlling skills to climb his way to the top, not caring whom he pounces on in the end. He converts Brutus to his mere puppet. Cassius dreams of the thoughts and actions and has Brutus carry the negative plans out. Cassius is the most villainous character because he is actually a coward. He is too afraid to go for his goals himself, to work hard and achieve the right to be a leader. Instead, he underhandedly commits other Romans to kill an adored leader for his own selfish merit and his proclaimed "justice." Cassius is even afraid to overcome a challenge with Brutus. Even during a devilish argument in act IV, Cassius gives in to Brutus' desires (4.228-30). He is too afraid of losing his workman and too much of a coward to become the leader. Brutus and Cassius are two opposite characters. Brutus is a compassionate, reserved, humane individual. He knows his goals and desires and goes after them quietly and respectively. He does everything for the good of Rome, even when it comes to sacrificing his life. Cassius, however, is a vile, envious coward, whose mind is like a tempest, longing to thrust danger upon those more powerful than he. Although both die gruesome deaths, Brutus dies an honorable, patriotic soul and Cassius dies a disgraceful, mischievous man. Bibliography N/A

lincoln essays

lincoln essays In March 1861, when Abraham Lincoln took the oath as the sixteenth president of the United States, the country had been struggling with the question of slavery for years. Kansas was bleeding from it, laws had been broken over it and in early February, seven southern states had finally seceded because of it and formed the Confederate States of America. In Kansas, pro-slavery and anti-slavery partisans engaged in a bloody war for control of the territorial government. Prior to these events, the voters who supported Lincoln in 1860 preferred preserving the Union rather than abolishing slavery; however they both became major issues of his presidency following his election. Contrary to many beliefs, the election of Lincoln was not the result of his followers, the majority of them being Republicans, wanting to completely remove slavery. He was known as the  gGreat Emancipator h and yet he did not publicly call for emancipation throughout his entire life. Actually, Lincoln denied continuously that he was an abolitionist. In two separate debates, he refused to believe that blacks should enjoy the privileges of American citizenship. Secondly, much as he hated slavery, he accepted it fs the law of the land, which he held sacred,  gas if the Almighty had written it in golden letters a yard high h. Throughout his inaugural address in March of 1861, Lincoln gave additional evidence suggesting that as President he really had no intention of advocating emancipation. Lincoln insisted he had  gno purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with slavery in the states where it already exists h. He continued by stating he had neither the lawful right nor the inclination to do so. His speech plainly states without doubt that Lincoln fs primary motive was not to abolish slavery. Instead, during the election campaign of 1860, Lincoln fs highest priority had been to keep the country united. He felt that any decision he would make as president wou...

Buddhism Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Buddhism Reflection - Essay Example It is because of this evolution and varying schools of thought that causes confusion when it comes to better understanding the underlying factors connected with the quest of man to achieve self-salvation. To begin with, most of the schools of thought are united in the idea that there are 4 Noble Truths that can guide the way of life of a person who is hoping to achieve Nirvana or a Buddha like status of self-salvation. These four truths include (â€Å"Buddhas Four Noble Truths†) : Acknowledging the above mentioned truths of Buddha is the beginning of enlightenment of a person. Through meditation, self-examination, and self-reflection, one can discover at what point of life he is at in relation to the four truths and in the process, help him analyze how he might move forward from his current point of being. Only by growing as a person, through the achievement of the four truths can a person claim to have achieved self-salvation. Regardless of which school of thought you subscribe to in Buddhism, be it the India or Chinese based school of proselytyzing, the goal of each school is the same, personal salvation. A sense of salvation that comes from within a person who, through the altering of his way of life, has finally managed to free himself from the constraints of the material world in order to achieve a higher sense of intellectual and spiritual achievement. This particular sense of salvation can only be reached by the person once he accepts that our world is not permanent and hence, should not be clung to. This will then allow a person to clean his thoughts and actions in an effort to achieve a Zen like status in life. The Four Noble Truths that guide the path of a Buddhist is what also helps him decipher how he can improve himself in order to benefit others. Buddhism, in my opinion, once viewed from the point of view of a symbiotic, sentient relationship between human beings, leads us to

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 7

Research Proposal - Essay Example Two middle managers, a labour union leader and thirteen low-level permanent employees were selected using two-stage random sampling technique. Two standardize and validated instruments (questionnaires and interview guides) were used to generate background information and data for analysis. The result of the survey indicates 68.5% believe informal mechanism is more effective in improving individual performance while 54.3% believe it is most appropriate for teamwork. In contrast, 51% low-level employees believe formal mechanisms improve individual performance while 30.1% believe it improves teamwork. Both middle managers and low-level employees believe that a combination of informal and formal control mechanisms is most effective in enhancing employee performance and productivity. However, 79.5% of the middle managers believe a combination that emphasizes formal mechanism is more effective. This is in contrast to low-level employees’ perception (93.4%) that a combination of info rmal and formal strategies that gives prominence to informal interactions among employees is more effective in enhancing employee performance. This contradictory perception of the combination of mechanisms suggests the need for further research into the relations between different combinations of mechanisms and employee performance at individual and team levels. The environment organizations operate is fast changing politically, economically, socially and technologically. These changes are impacting on the way organizations are designed to accommodate resultant changes in relationships among employees. It is the responsibility of management of organizations to continuously respond to these changes in environment and relationship among employees. Traditional rigid methods of dealing with employee relations vis-Ã  -vis performance and productivity are giving way for newer flexible methods. The

Military leaders role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Military leaders role - Essay Example For Clausewitz, by the time he was writing his book "On War," his thoughts on war had evolved towards notions like "War is a continuation of politics with an admixture of other means" and that there could be different ways and means of warfare. Here the concern is particularly towards his views on the practical uses of military history to and his "critical analysis" where he distinguished carefully between the historian and the military critic, despite his admission that both roles were often complementary.According to Clausewitz for a military historian, there had to be a use of the critical analysis which would involve the tracing of effects back to their causes which would be essentially an investigation into what military steps were taken and whether they were effective at a tactical, operational, strategic and political level. Before I revisit Clausewitz on his notions of a military leader it would be fair to discuss what Machiavelli and Sun Tzu have to say about the military le ader's role in defining national interests and military objectives in war. Machiavelli Machiavelli is much known for his book "The Prince" in which he has described how a prince or in other terms a military leader can keep his control on his jurisdiction.For him, control is particularly a difficult matter for a new prince whose status is not established by lineage or popular consent amongst the masses. The new prince or military leader would have a hard time creating a stabilized framework of power. Many times the prince will have to do carry out unpleasant, perhaps evil things to carry out his task. Machiavelli has refrained from discussing the ideal price or leader.Instead, he gives examples as to which of the military leaders/princes were successful in establishing their rule and most of these examples are drawn from his own analysis of history. As a renaissance writer, he uses an amount of classical historical examples. At first sight, his ideas seem  to hard to swallow as he seems to endorse any evil act by such rulers to gain power and control. A more profound understanding of his views,  however, indicates that he has actually qualified such measures with restrictions like the  philosophical view that any evil action can be justified if it is done for a good purpose. The work faced much negative criticism even in its time and was banned by the Catholic church. For Machiavelli, a good military leader would know how to use good and evil as instruments of power. Essentially he was trying to promote a more practical approach lined with pragmatism. However, realism is a bitter medicine and many people including myself find the idea of an undemocratically elected military leader abhorrent and dysfunctional. Such a military leader would invariably not be able to strike any balance between good or evil and keep tilting towards evil whenever his survival is threatened. An example is the current military crisis in South Asia particularly Bangladesh and Paki stan.  

Strategies to Motivate Employees

Strategies to Motivate Employees INTRODUCTION Motivation of employees in the workplace is one of the fundamental responsibilities of a manager, in order to achieve high levels of productivity, to satisfy the ever changing customer needs, and to withstand the increasing global competition. Management motivates the organizational members to make the most of the scarce resources by distributing awards to outstanding employees and perhaps punishing those showing unacceptable performance. Steers (1987) stated that â€Å"A comprehensive theory of motivation at work must address itself to at least three important sets of variables which constitute the work situation, i.e. the characteristics of the individual, the characteristics of the job and the characteristics of the work environment†. (Blue†¦) Motivation is a tool, often used by the managers to catalyze the avidness of the employees to work without pressure. Various motivational theories have been used since decades to stimulate the workforce in achieving extraordinary results in all fields of work. To motivate the employees, the managers should understand that different people have different set of needs and understanding, and therefore, should be able to use the right mix of motivational theories depending on different individuals, different societies, and different organizational levels. Use of analogous motivation methods may lead to frustration, resentment and a perception of inequity for employees from a diverse culture. (cited from CULTURAL VALUES IN RELATION TO EQUITY SENSTIVITY WITHIN AND ACROSS CULTURES, KENNETH G. WHEELER) Taking this into consideration the managers should apply their knowledge of the various motivational theories to improve the workplace performance. It would depend on different societies, different individuals, and different organizational or job levels. There is not probably a universal motivator for all mankind, nor is there a single motivating force for any one individual. It is a problem of what mixture of needs for what kind of people in what kind of society. In Hong Kong, for example, there is no doubt that money is a predominant motivator with regard to both the lower level need satisfaction and the fulfilment of status and achievement goals. Employee motivation or motivation of organizational members is one of the critical functions of a manager, because there is a persistently increasing pressure for increased productivity in order to meet competition, to best utilize the scarce resources, and to provide goods and services to more and more people at less and less cost Organizations motivate their workforce to perform effectively by offering them rewards for satisfactory performance and perhaps punishing them for unsatisfactory performance. Motivation is the catalyst that spurns employees eagerness to work without pressure. To motivate is to provide employees with a motive to do some tasks. It is to cause or provoke somebody to act either positively or negatively. Motivation has been used by effective managers to prompt ordinary people to achieve uncommon results in all fields of endeavours People work because they have goals to achieve which surpass financial gains from their employment. Maslow (1943) said that people work to survive and live through financial compensation, to make new friends, to have job security, for a sense of achievement and to feel important in the society, to have a sense of identity, and most especially to have job satisfaction. All employees that have job satisfaction are high performers in their respective workplaces. Theories of Motivation Motivational theories are broadly segregated based on two grounds. The one dealing with the scientific approach such as Equity and Expectancy theory are called process theories and those showcasing the inner drive of an employee that motivates them to work such as Maslows (1954) hierarchy of needs and Herzbergs (1959) two factor theory are called content theories. The below mentioned section will highlight more about these theories. MOTIVATION THEORIES Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow (1954) presented the hierarchy of needs and divided them into two groups; deficiency and incremental needs. The deficiency needs includes the biological, safety, belongingness and social needs whereas the incremental needs comprises of the esteem and self actualization needs (Citation: Huitt, W. (2004). Maslows hierarchy of needs. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved [date] from, http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/regsys/maslow.html. Return to:). Maslow proposed that as an individual develops they work towards achieving these needs, arranged in a certain hierarchy and unless the deficiency needs are satisfied the growth needs will have less or no relevance (http://home.ubalt.edu/tmitch/642/Articles%20syllabus/steers%20et%20al%20future%20of%20wk%20mot%20Ac%20Mgt%20rev%202004.pdf). According to Maslows â€Å"Needs Hierarchy Theory†, â€Å"as the person satisfies a lower-level need, the next higher need in the h ierarchy becomes the primary motivator and remains so even if never satisfied† (McShane and Travaglione, 2007, p. 140). An urge to satisfy these needs motivates an employee to bring out the best performance in all endeavor of work. Although Maslow theory of Motivation received a lot of attention , however most of Maslows work has been criticized by people who applied the theory practically for work motivation( hall and nougaim 1968, cited in The Individual In The Economy: A Text Book Of Economic psychology by S.E.G. Lea, Roger M. Tarpy, Paul Webley). Also there is lack of evidence that the level of hierarchy precedes each other and will increase the importance of the next one if the latter is satisfied (wabha and Bridwell , 1974 cited in The Individual In The Economy: A Text Book Of Economic psychology by S.E.G. Lea, Roger M. Tarpy, Paul Webley). Finally there is an increasing evidence that Maslows â€Å"Hierarchy† of â€Å" Needs† are quiet unique and they cannot be applied universally because an individuals need will vary with location, values and beliefs (Haslam, Powell, and Turner, 2000, p. 319 339, Locke, 2000, p. 408-429 cited in McShane and Travaglione, 2007, p. 141). Davis and Filly comme nt, â€Å"†¦the exact order of priority may vary somewhat between persons†¦.† (Davis and Filly, 1963, cited in Dye, Mills, and Weatherbee, 2005, p. 1377).an example is required EQUITY THEORY Adams (1963, 1965) developed a motivation model based on to the comparison of oneself with others in context to the output input ratio at work. Equity is achieved when the input and output ratio is the same for different individuals. The employees of a firm try to compare their own ratio with that of others (Adams, 1963, p. 422-436, cited in McShane and Travaglione, 2007, p. 154). Thus get either get motivated if they think that the results are rational or else they get de motivated if they think that there is a lack of fairness in the work outcome. The major challenge lies with the managers to allocate a right mix of input and output considering a diverse global workforce so as to maintain equity in the organization. For instance, Dutch researchers found that pay inequity leads to negative behavior and frustration (Van Dierendonck et al, 1994; Van Y Peren et al, 1992) whereas Australian studies show that the situation results in lower job satisfaction (Carr et al., 1996). EXPECTANCY THEORY Expectancy theory suggests that an individual acts through self interest and adopts a pathway of actions which he perceives will maximize the chances of desirable results for themselves (Isaac, Wilfred, and Pitt, 2001, p. 212). The theory is based on three components; valence, expectancy and instrumentality. Vroom (1964, p. 15) defined valence as an â€Å"affective orientations toward particular outcomes†. Expectancy refers to a momentary belief of an individual that a stated level of performance will follow a particular outcome. Finally, instrumentality is related to an individuals expectations that â€Å"if she or he behaves in a certain way, he or she will get certain things† (Nadler and Lawler, 1997, p. 218). Expectancy theory is thus grounded on the fact that the work performance is directed towards individual behaviors that people perceive, will lead them to the desired outcomes (McShane and Travaglione, 2007, p. 146). HERZBERGS â€Å"TWO FACTOR THEORY† Herzberg ‘s (1959) Motivation- Hygiene or two factor theory suggest that the intrinsic and the extrinsic aspects of a job are different from each other. The theory breaks job satisfaction into two factors: Motivation and Hygiene factors. Motivators relates to the intrinsic factors such as responsibility, recognition, achievement and the work profile. On the other hand hygiene factors are associated with the extrinsic factors such as remuneration, working environment, policies of the organization and position ((Manolopoulos, 2008, p. 66). Herzberg(1959) suggest that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are two different independent variables. According to the theory job dissatisfaction is an outcome followed by lack of hygiene factors. However, even their presence dosent motivates or satisfies the work force. On the other hand motivation factors acted as elements to enrich an individuals job. Motivation factors had long term positive effects on the workforce performance whereas hygiene factors had a short term impact on the attitude and performance of the employees (Gawel Joseph E. (1997). Herzbergs theory of motivation and Maslows hierarchy of needs. Practical Assessment, Research Evaluation, 5(11). Retrieved August 18, 2009 from http://PAREonline.net/getvn.asp?v=5n=11 . This paper has been viewed 290,800 times since 11/13/1999..)eg is required. However, questions have been raised about the application of Herzbergs theory on diverse workforce. A few of the motivation factors may lead to dissatisfaction and a few of hygiene factor may result in satisfaction (Gardner, 1977, p. 197). It is totally based on individuals or groups requirement. Implementation of Motivational Theories It is an important aspect of a managers job profile to keep the employees motivated towards the organizational goals. A manager should understand the needs of both the organization and the employees and should try to align them so as to get favorable results. Despite having a lot of Motivation theories , managers still face a lot of problem in motivating their employees and one major factor behind this is the global workforce having altogether different values and beliefs

Lysistrata Of Aristophanes Essays -- essays research papers fc

The Lysistrata of Aristophanes Aristophanes was a satirist who produced Lysistrata around 413 BC when the news of Athen’s warships had been destroyed near Sicily. For twenty-one years, while Athens was engaged in war, he relentlessly and wittliy attacked the war, the ideals of the war, the war party and the war spirit. This risked his acceptance and his Athenian citizenship. Lysistrata is probably the oldest comedy which has retained a place in modern theatre. It primarily deals with two themes, war and the power of sexuality.. Lysistrata (an invented name meaning, She Who Puts an End to War) has summoned the women of Athens to meet her at the foot of Acropolis. She puts before them the easy invitation that they must never lie again with their husbands until the war is ended. At first, they shudder and withdraw and refuse until, with the help of the women from Sparta and Thebes, they are impelled to agree. The women seize the Acropolis from which Athens is funding the war. Aft er days of sexually depriving their men in order to bring peace to there communities. They defeat back in an attack from the old men who had remained in Athens while the younger men are on their crusade. When their husbands return from battle, the women reject sex and stand guard at Acropolis. The sex strike, portrayed in risqué episodes, finally pressure the men of Athens and Sparta to consent to a peace treaty. Ancient Greece in 431 BC was not a nation. It was a collection of rival city-states that were allies with each other or with leading military powers. Athens was a great naval power, while Sparta relied mainly on its army for superiority. In 431 BC, these alliances went to war against each other in a conflict called the Peleponnesian War. The war, which went on for 27 years, is named for the Peloponnesus, the peninsula on which Sparta is located. As the war began, Sparta and Athens each took advantage of their military strengths. Sparta ravaged Attica, the territory a round Athens, while the Athenian navy raided cities in Peloponnesus. This strategy lasted for two years. Meanwhile, Pericles’ death in 429 BC left the democracy open for hostile factions and reckless leaders who pursued their own advantages. Chief among these leaders was Alcibiades, who was as irresponsible as brilliant. By 425 BC, Sparta’s hopes for victory were bleak, and its leaders were ready to ask... ... to succeed. Ending the war would be so easy that women could complete the task. Aristophanes is not one of the most profound or exalted of Greek poets, but he is the most creative. Others deal with the world as it is, glorifying it or justifying its flaws, discovering hidden values in it and suggesting how they may be realized. Aristophanes erases the present and constructs another. He rids history and its constraints. If war has become tiresome he makes a private treaty and fetches the goddess of Peace. If Athens has become tiresome, he builds a new one in the sky. As Lysistrata shows, he is more moved by sympathy for the innocent sufferers of war than anger against the warmongers. Although caustic and good-humored, he intended to show the power lust and civil war amongst the Greeks. Works Cited Aristophanes’ Lysistrata. 18 September 2000. *http://www1.cc.va.us/hurst/eng251cr/* Arkins, Brian. Classics Ireland. "Sexuality in Fifth-Century". 15 September 2000. *h ttp://www.ucd.ie/classics/94/Arkins94.html/* Hadas, Moses. Lysistrata. The Complete Plays of Aristophanes. New York, 1962. 287-328 Peleponnesian War. 16 September 2000. *http:/www.library.thinkquest.org/*

Poems from E.J. Pratt’s The Titanic Essay

  The Canadian poet E.J. Pratt’s lyrical documentation and divulgings on life aboard a ship and by the sea can easily be categorized and confined under the label of â€Å"maritime poetry,†Ã‚   but the sentiments evoked in his poems appear to consitute more than the said label, the following is an overview and interpretation of Pratt’s poems taken from The Titanic. Harland and Wolff Works, Belfast, May 31, 1911   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The poem begins, â€Å"The hammers silent and the derricks still, / And high tide in the harbour! Mind and will†¦Ã¢â‚¬  setting the tone of calmness at bay, which begins to shift as it progresses towards the middle and end. The first two lines is continued further by seemingly rudimentary coupling rhymes until the end of the poem. The content however, relates the instance of a ship – the Titanic – in its completion, and the celebration of its first launch. Pratt relates the beauty and grandeur of the ship without over embellishing, and sounding-off the luxuries it possesses which others allude to. And without the title implying that the poem is about the iconic unsinkable ship, one can easily mistake the ship being described in the poem as one of any commonplace ships in existence. The seeming inane and banal instance of a ship doing what it is supposed to do in the first place is transformed and elevated in E.J. Pratt’s poetry, when relating to the ship he writes, â€Å"Before another year was over, she, / Poised for the launching signal, had surpassed / The dreams of builder or navigator†¦ Glass crashed against the plates; a wine cascade, / Netting the sunlight in a shower of pearls, / Baptized the bow and gave the ship her name; A slight push of the rams as a switch set free.† Of course, Pratt isn’t just talking about any other ship, but the poem nevertheless romanticizes the idea of it, from construction, to its completion, to its launch, which were aptly articulated in the previously quoted lines, and further concluded by, â€Å"†¦for whatever fears stalked with her down the tallow of slips / Were smothered under by the harbour cheers, / By flags strung halyards of the ships.† March 3. 1912   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second poem in the compilation retreats to the instance of the Titanic upon its creation, the first line cries out, â€Å"Completed! Waiting for her trial spin†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It then relates the myth which the ship is ascribed of being, massive and grand, and therefore, impenetrable and unsinkable. The said mythology is affirmed faithfully in the following lines, â€Å"An ocean lifeboat in herself†¦ No wave could sweep those upper decks – unthinkable! No storm could hurt that hull – the papers said so. The perfect ship at last – the first unsinkable.† The poem continues to elucidate on the marvelous piece of work the ship that Titanic is by enumerating on the qualities of its every part, from its upper decks, to its watertight compartments, bulhead doors and bouyancy. Despite the naivety and evident falseness of the said claims, Pratt is able to effectively deliver the sentiment and ideas of the people at the time, and the poem encapsulates the extent of this naà ¯ve ideology. The Iceberg   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The force of nature which challenges the pronounced invincibility of the Titanic is laid evident in the title and extent of this particular poem. It describes the ship’s initial encounter with the glacier, the details of which is reserved to the succeeding poem, and revolves instead on the massive structure which led the ship to its demise. The iceberg being described as, â€Å"†¦the brute and palaeolithic outline of a face fronted the transatlantic shipping route. A sloping spur that tapered to a claw / And lying twenty feet below†¦Ã¢â‚¬    Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was especially entertaining how the crash of the ship with the glacier was attributed as the iceberg’s fault, or to fate perhaps, but at any rate, because nature took a different course, instead of the iceberg keeping to where it was, floated closer to the ship, as referred to in the following lines, â€Å"But with an impulse governed by the raw mechanics of its birth, it drifted where ambushed, fog-grey, it stumbled on its lair,† and the rest of the world knows what happens then. Southhampton, Wednesday, April 10, 1912   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The part of the poem which picks up after the instance of the iceberg, when the seemingly unsinkable and invincible ship engages the massive glacier, and all that is left to be articulated is â€Å"An omen struck the thousands to shore – A double accident!† The Titanic proved to be less than what it was mythically ascribed of being, and the extent of the poem goes into lyrical details over the tragedy that is the sinking of the Titanic. How it threw sailors and countless individuals to the mercy of the sea. But the chaos and destruction that is to be attributed to the instance of a ship clashing with an iceberg is subdued, or muted by describing not the havoc being wreaked on the ship, or the people aboard it, but the state of the rest of the world at that particular point in time, as the ship was sinking, as articulated in the latter part of the poem, in which the poet contemplates, â€Å"When water flowed from the inverted tips / Of a waning moon, of sun-hounds, of the shrieks / Of whirling shags around the mizzen peaks. / And was there not this morning’s augury / For the big one now heading for the sea?† It’s a valid inquiry, and a refreshing take on the apparent tragedy. Wednesday Evening   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shifting towards a different context and setting, and describing a seeming sumptious feast consituted by â€Å"cauldrons of stock, purees and consommes, simmered with peppercorns and marjoram.† as well as crabs, clams, fricassees, lambs, veals, halibut, bechamel, truffles, and a myriad of food bound to whet anybody’s appetite, and which would bring people to believe that everything was fine, in the comfort and luxury afforded by the said array of food.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The said sentiment was aptly articulated as such, â€Å"The dinner gave the sense that all was well: That touch of ballast in the tanks; the feel of peace from ramparts unassailable, Which, added to her seven decks of steel, had constituted the Titanic less.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It culminates ironically, in the event of people partaking of the food, engaging in elitist nonsense, and forgetting the senseless tragedy that was Titanic, and resorting to issues of greater importance, as articulated in the last part of the poem, â€Å"The crowd poured through the sumptuous rooms and hall†¦ tapped at the tables of the Regency; Smirked at the caryatids on the walls; Talked Jacobean-wise†¦ Swallowed liqueurs and coffee as they sat under the Georgian carved mahogany, dictating wireless hieroglyphics that would on the opening of the board rooms rock the pillared dollars of a railroad stock.†

Social influence and anti social behaviour

Social influence and anti social behaviour Introduction Experiments on social influence help to determine whether a person behaves in accordance to one’s social context or one’s personality. They emphasise the importance of the implied, real or envisaged existence of others. Individuals spend most of their time in social gatherings and they can exert an influence on group members or the reverse may occur.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social influence and anti social behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, most people’s attitudes reflect the belief systems of their respective groups. To effectively understand human behaviour, one must fully appreciate the role that social context plays in influencing it. Experiments on social context can demystify antisocial behaviour because they provide a theoretical basis for deviations from the norm. How research helps in the understanding of social behaviour One classic piece of social i nfluence research is the Asch conformity as carried out by Solomon Asch. He was one of the most important contributors of the antisocial behavioural discipline because he demystified the concept of group conformance (Turner 1991). In his analysis, the experimenter used two types of cards for all the participants. One card had a standard line while the other card had three different lines. Subjects were supposed to match the lines on the second card with the standard line. This was a relatively simply test that had a clear answer. However, the subjects were placed in the company of others and answered after all the confederates (5, 6 or seven in number) had responded. It was found that twelve out of the eighteen subjects changed their minds when the perceived members of the team did the same. When these participants were asked to identify the correct line privately, they gave the right answer. This experiment illustrated that members of a group will be under pressure to conform to ot her’s people’s opinions even when they know that the opinions they hold are wrong. Ash’s study was critical in illustrating the importance of normative social influence. His subjects deliberately gave a wrong answer because they wanted to adhere to group norms. At the time of the experiment, it was necessary to follow the instructions of members of the group. Their feelings and expectations were imperative in bringing out these outcomes. In fact, conformance was so important to the subjects that they were willing to support an answer that they knew was obviously wrong (Bond Smith 1996). Similarly, one may apply this information to groups that engage in antisocial behaviour. A young man may participate in a violent activity, group rape or robbery owing to the type of social influence found in Ash’s experiment.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He m ay know that the activity is immoral, but may choose to engage in it simply to conform to group expectations. Such subjects seek group rewards or want to evade social punishment. This public conformity may explain why certain people act appropriately in private and inappropriately in a group especially when the action they are doing is undoubtedly wrong/ immoral. Asch’s work also provides useful insights on self categorisation. This theory posits that sometimes people may justify their antisocial behaviour in groups by depersonalizing themselves from the situation (Koelen Van den Ban 2010). They may claim that their behaviour was in tandem with the group, and this was the right thing to do. Participants may hold the expectation that when in a group, one is expected to hold the same attitudes or beliefs as the group. They depend upon the choices of others to gauge whether their own actions are correct. The Milgram experiment was yet another classic piece of work on social inf luence and can also provide tremendous insights on antisocial behaviour. It was carried out amongst a group of volunteers who were made to believe that they were playing the role of a teacher. A confederate was placed in an adjacent room, and was expected to learn a series of words from the teacher. For every wrong response, the teacher was to administer an electric shock to the learner. However, confederates did not receive actual shocks. The experimenter simulated sounds and noises that sounded like electric shocks. The confederates also pretended to be in pain by screaming and banging on the wall after a certain voltage level. They were supposed to tell the teacher about a heart condition that they had. If the subjects wanted to stop at a certain time, the experimenter would urge them to continue using a succession of four sentences, which stressed the critical importance of continuing. If the ‘teacher’ felt that he still wanted to stop after the four sentences, then the experiment would end (Wu 2003). However, others who asked about the confederates were assured that the shocks would not cause permanent harm to the ‘learners’. The results revealed that 65% of the subjects were willing to reach the maximum voltage even though they appeared to be uncomfortable doing so. Some questioned the ethics of the experiment and even refused payment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social influence and anti social behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unlike Asch’s trials, which simply dwelt on group influence, this research was crucial in understanding the role that authority plays in affecting people’s behaviour. Asch’s work compared moral values with social beliefs or opinions. However, Milgram contrasted authority with one’s moral beliefs. His study was critical in illustrating how authority can undermine moral principles and thus lead to a ntisocial behaviour. Therefore, the concept of obedience to authority was under analysis here. More than half of the participants in the study were willing to forfeit their personal principles in order to obey authority. These findings illustrate how antisocial behaviour can occur among seemingly normal or ordinary people. Participants of this study believed that they were not expected to question authority. Similarly subordinates in other settings may commit immoral or antisocial crimes simply because they respect authority. They may be aware of the destructiveness or immorality of their situations, but may willingly participate in those wrongs because of submission to authority. The Milgram experiment also shows that individuals sometimes do not reflect on their beliefs when acting on behalf of an authority. This is reflective of the agentic state theory. In this school of thought, Milgram asserted that when people subject themselves to the authority of others, they may regard the mselves as mere instruments’ of their superior’s wishes rather than individual entities (Milgram 1974). As such, most people will not feel responsible for any actions when they engage in antisocial behaviour. In addition, this experiment is also a continuation of the theory of conformism that was started by Asch. Engaging in antisocial behaviour may sometimes be a form of reference to a group. In this case, the group is the authority figure. Conformity often occurs when the concerned person feels that he or she is not capable enough to make a certain decision. In such cases, the person will depend upon the group as a reference for behaviour (Hayes 2000). This especially occurs when an individual is in a crisis situation like the one in the concerned experiment. Such an analysis is especially relevant in understanding how some people may be prompted to behave in a manner similar to the one viewed in the Nazi concentration camps. The persons carrying out those actions re vealed that social influence can be dominant enough to lead to sadistic or inhumane acts as seen in the genocide.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Milgram proved that more often than not, people agree to belong to a system. When in that system, they have the choice of either sticking to their moral judgements or submitting to the rules of the system, which are represented by figures of authority. Loyalty may be regarded as a moral standard that shapes people’s behaviour. Therefore, when one makes a choice between these divided allegiances then one may or may not act in a deviant manner. The subjects in the experiment were more loyal to the rules of the system, which was the experiment, than their own belief systems and this perpetuated aggressive or violent behaviour. This experiment is highly useful in illustrating that the agentic state of an individual can lead to antisocial behaviour. One may belong to a corporation, and may be persuaded to carry out criminal/ unethical behaviour after receiving instructions from one’s supervisor. This study is useful in identifying the situations that cause obedience to unet hical instructions, and can thus allow stakeholders to either minimise those conditions or eradicate them completely. Phillip Zimbardo also carried out another famous study known as the Stanford Prison Experiment. His major aim was to find out how situational factors lead to deviant behaviour. The researcher created a fake prison at the basement of Stanford University and took 24 students into the setup. The experiment was supposed to last for a period of 2 weeks. Unlike Milgram, Zimbardo did not use confederates or actors as prisoners. All the participants were assigned roles as guards or prisoners. No prisoner was allowed to leave the premises while the guards could do so after an eight-hour shift. The experiment never went up to the intended two weeks as the prisoners were immensely stressed while the guards became sadistic and abusive. Zimbardo found that regardless of having two choices; being hostile or civil towards the prisoners, the guards chose to be hostile. Most of the p risoners took on a position of submission and depression. Some of them seemed to be highly anxious and even began crying. The researcher himself participated in the study; played the role of a prison warden. However, he stopped being objective in the analysis when he allowed the guards to act so brutally. It was Zimbardo’s girlfriend who warned him about the dangers of the experiment, and urged him to stop. After the experiment, it was found that certain situations can prompt seemingly passive individuals to act in a deviant or antisocial manner. When people are given positions of power, they yield to its influence and forget about the importance of their own moral values. The subjects who played the role of guards started to behave in a manner that was not typical of them. Many of them transformed from being passive to aggressive and even violent. Conversely, the subjects who played the role of guards became silent and passive. This analysis was important in understanding th e importance of social conformity. Most people will behave in a certain way owing to their understanding or society’s definition of the position. Police officers, teachers, parents, waitresses, prisoners or prison guards all fulfil certain social roles. Persons in these roles are expected to exhibit certain kinds of behaviour. The guards in the mock prison embraced their social roles and disregarded the fact that they might hurt their fellow participants. This was particularly surprising when Zimbardo himself acted inappropriately. Furthermore, the participants had not shown any signs of psychological malfunctions prior to the survey. Besides, none of the participants volunteered for the role as this would have denoted that certain elements of their personality came into effect. All were randomly assigned those positions without prior consultations. He acknowledged that he had gotten so carried away by his social role, as a warden, that he lost all objectivity of the analysis . Unlike Milgram’s study; this experiment had no specific authority. However, it did prove some of the findings in Asch’s study; that group expectations can replace an individual’s moral imperatives. In this case, no one voiced their expectations about what the prison guards or prisoners should do or say. This behaviour was deduced from expectations on those social roles. No form of coercion or force was exerted upon the participants, yet they found it within themselves to act so sadistically. This study shows that social influence can occur in non immediate settings. The persons concerned in the Zimbardo experiment did not seek immediate social rewards or refrain from immediate punishment. They were allured by the temptations of the powerful positions they were in (Zimbardo 2007). All the experiments discussed above on social influence also prove that conformity can be manipulated. Once a dissenting opinion is voiced by even one member, then that is sufficient enough to cause doubt about a certain act. Variations of the Asch and Milgram experiments have shown that people will be willing to abide by their own moral standards if they realise that other persons in their own position would be willing to do the same. Additionally, if a person heard about certain opinions from an in-group member, then he or she would be more likely to adhere to those same opinions than if the view came from a perceived outsider. Social influence can be moderated and this may minimise antisocial behaviour in subjects. Zimbardo, Asch and Milgram also demonstrate that social forces play a vital role in one’s deeds. Antisocial behaviour may arise out of the need to conform to societal expectations, direct group expectations or even a member of authority. These researches point out that sometimes, one’s personality or value systems can be overridden by certain social forces. Therefore, psychologists or other stakeholders may prevent or treat antisocial behaviour by minimising the occurrence of these group influences. It is particularly interesting to note that most of the deviant behaviour took place regardless of the anonymity of the participants. The subjects had no particular relationship with the researchers in all three social influence studies yet they still engaged in antisocial behaviour. One might conclude that peer influence among known associates and friends may exert an even heavier social influence on the deviant person. Social influence is a concept that can affect people in various capacities. It is so powerful because it has a two-way function. It offers rewards to the person engaging in the antisocial behaviour because it facilitates acceptance. It also offers rewards to the group because it elicits fewer negative sentiments from them. Social influence can thus impede or heighten antisocial behaviour based on these understandings (Guetzkow 2000) Conclusion The studies carried out on social influence illustrate th at it highly affects individual behaviour. These researches show that a person’s behaviour is firmly rooted in one’s social context. Sometimes this may come in the form of one’s peers, group, roles or authority figures. References Bond, R Smith, P 1996, ‘Culture and conformity: a meta analysis of studies using Asch’s line judgment task’ Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 119, pp. 11-137 Guetzkow, H 2000, Groups, leadership and men, Carnegie press, Pittsburgh Hayes, N 2000, Foundations of psychology, Thomson, London Koelen, M Van den Ban, A 2010, Health education and health promotion, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Melbourne Milgram, 1974, Obedience to authority: an experimental view, HarperCollins, London Turner, J 1991, Social influence, Open University Press, NY Wu, W 2003, ‘Compliance: the Milgram Experiment’ Practical psychology, June, pp. 23 Zimbardo, P 2007, ‘When good people do evil’ Yale Alumni magazine, Februar y, pp. 8

Personal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

Personal Experience with Teen Pregnancy Free Online Research Papers For my senior project I chose to do it on something I had personal experience in, such as teen pregnancy, which in this paper I have to have 7 different sources, and many facts. As for many teens having sexually intercourse is a scary thing, but ever scarier than that is finding out that you might be pregnant. This has never been an uncommon thing, but as I found out on womenshealthchannel.com/teenpregnancy there has been a decrease in it from the year 1991 through the year 2005. Studies showed that in 1991 60 out of 1000 teenagers became pregnant, and in the year 2005 40.5 out of 1000 became pregnant.They also showed that approximately 1/3 become pregnant in their teen age years, but it also states that more than 80% of those pregnancies are unintended and unintentional. Using different races for example Hispanic women had the highest birth rates in 2006, which showed 83 out of 100 became pregnant, but African Americans had the most dramatic reduction in that year only 23% became pr egnant. A different study showed that 25% of teen girls who give birth become pregnant and have another child within two years. As I found on pregnantteenhelp.org there are different options for these pregnant, when they find out that they are in fact pregnant. The first option would be to keep the baby and raise it themselves, which is the option I myself chose. Another option for the teens would be to carry the baby full term, and give it up for adoption. Even then the teen has the choice of having an open adoption which mean that they would receive pictures and letters knowing how the child is, and what they look like. or the have the choice of having a normal closed adoption which means they would have no contact what so ever with the child, or with its adoptive parents. The other option is to have have an abortion, which means to fully terminate the pregnancy. A recent study on abortion showed that more than 25% of women when they find out they are pregnant have and abortion, but that is just for the percentage of the world, as for when it comes to the United States nearly 40% of women have abortions. Mo re than 52% of abortions are obtained by women who are under the age of 25. Another study showed that teenagers are more apt to have a late abortion. Although in my own opinion I believe that abortion is wrong, and that it should be all together banned, because there are too many people in this world who cant have children, and would love to have one, even if it would mean that they would have to adopt someone elses. According to the Washington Post the teen birth rate nationally feel 30% from the year 1991 all the way to 2002. They stated that if it had not dropped during that decade, 1.2 million more children would have been born to teenage mothers in the United States. Another good reason that it dropped would be that 460,000 would have been living in poverty due to being born to a teenage mother, and 700,000 would have been born into a single parent home, most likely only have a mother and no father. Adolescents who become pregnant at an early age, if they decide to keep the baby, are more likely to drop out of school, which in return leads to lower paying jobs for the parent, which in most cases drives them into trying to find other ways to provide for their children, even if it would mean doing it illegally. Also young mothers are less likely to marry which would mean that their children would be raised in a home with only one income, and probably no support from the other parent. Even if t he to teens decide not to stay together, the mother is offered the right to collect what is called child support from the father, but in order to do that they have to have proof the child does in fact belong to them. Which in most cases a court will order a DNA Test to ensure that it is true. During my research I found in People Magazine that almost 750,000 girls ages ranging from 15-19 years old get pregnant each year. Although most people look down upon teen parents most dont really understand about all the pressures that we face today. Even though most schools say they want a sex free zone for their students it never really happens, because no one ever actually enforces the policy. As in my case I can remember walking down the hallways in school, and on a regular basis I could see people kissing and groping each other like its nothing, and some teachers just stand by like its nothing. Even after a historic 14 year decline in teen pregnancy in the year 2006 the birth rate increased by 3%, which is not good at all. More than half pregnant teens today choose to take the responsibility, and keep their babies. Roughly only 1/3 decide to terminate their pregnancy, 2% choose adoption, and about 14% miscarry. Studies have also shown that only 1/3 of teen mothers finish high sc hool, and get their diploma. As for myself Im going to graduate, and then take college courses online, so that I can be with my son. Family Corner stated that teen pregnancy rates are much higher in the United States than in many other developed countries. The Unites States are twice as high as in England and Wales or Canada, and are nine times as high as in the Netherlands or Japan. Which is really saying something, due to the fact that they are all fairly large countries, and are very high populated countries. They also said that 8% of 14 year olds, 18% of 15-17 year olds, and 22% of 18-19 year olds become pregnant each year. I myself am in the 18% of girls, considering that im 17 years old, and Im nearly 5 months pregnant. 20% of those who have sexual intercourse become pregnant, although there are ways to prevent it, they dont always work, for example a comdom can bust, or may even have a pin hole, and you would never know that it was there. Most girls get put on birth control, but even then they still arent fully safe from getting pregnant, even though they may think that there in a .1% chance of them gettin g pregnant it could still happen, that is why they should still use a condom, and make sure they dont skip any doses of their birth control, also they should use a spermicide that night and the next day as well. Many people think that pregnancy is wonderful, but ther are so many bad symptoms and complaints such as the following: preeclampsia, spotting, sleep problems, varicose veins, vaginal pain, vaginal discharge, yeast infections, urinary frequency, umbilical hernia, acne, chloasma, stretch marks, shortness of breath, sciatica, hip pain, pounding heart, pelvic pain, carpel tunnel syndrome, nose bleeds, bleeding gums, morning sickness, leg cramps,hemorrhoids, heart burn, indigestion, headaches, dizziness, gestational diabetes, fatigue, exhaustion, constipation, breast pain, breast leakage, braxton hicks contractions, blurry vision, back pain, diastasis, and anemia. These are all things that I found thanks to Parents which is a magazine for parents, and expectant parents. Although Im sure I will feel these symptoms and complaints sometime during my pregnancy so far I have only had the following: morning sickness, dizziness, braxton hick contractions, leg cramps, back pain, and breast pain. I must say that I havent really enjoyed being pregnant, its not because of the baby, its just that constantly feeling sick or dizzy just isnt fun at all. One thing that I have definitely enjoyed about being pregnant is feeling the baby move for the first time, it is such a weird, but wonderful feeling all at the same time. I found my last facts from Baby Center which gives you all sorts of different fact on pregnancy and babies. Some people believe that having a baby is easy, well it may have been 50 years ago, but now there are so many things they need, and so much you have to do before they get here. Here are just a few of the things you do while pregnant: go to a O.B. doctor to make sure everything is good with the baby during your pregnancy, have ultrasounds to to let you see how your baby is developing during your pregnancy, pick out names, have a baby shower, make the baby a room of its own that has only the things for the baby, pick a theme for its room, choose a hospital to go to when you go into labor, pack you and the baby a bag for when you go to the hospital, and wash everything you get for the baby so that nothing will break it out or irritate its sensitive skin. When you go into labor, there are some complications that all women should be aware of such as these: breech birth, cesarean sec tion, inducing labor, labor augumentation, macrosomia, preterm labor and birth, uterine rupture, and vaginal birth after cesarean. So these are all the facts that i found on teen pregnancy. 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